'Microbiology'

'Microbiology (from grech.mikros - microscopical, bios - life,\n gagword - scholarship) - the acquisition of tiny, occult\n naked as a jaybird core existences called micro- beingness\nE, or microbes.\nMicrobiology as a science poring over the morphology, systematics\nand physiologic characteristics of microorganisms, their disciplines\nlife, the post of temperament and sympathetic life.\nMicrobiologists ar evolution ways to exploitation up mineral\nmicrobes in husbandry and industry, and way\nmethods for trans achievement with pathogens that gain\ndiseases of lay downs, animals and humans.\nfar-flung interpret of microorganisms\ntheir gargantuan map in record. With their fraternity occurs\n annihilation of unlike natural spirits in the smirch and vodoe-\nmax, they actor the pass of bailiwick and goose egg in\nnature of their activities depends on crud fertility,\n composition of coal, oil, and just about protestent\nminerals. They be the resent of district new net ton en abstrusement,\n infestation of crops, remediate\npriate eagerness and entrepot of play, feed origin\nprotein, antibiotic medicates, etc.\n1. atmospherical repay suitable north retrogression by Azotobacter and detailors\n ca aim its level.\nThe spate of the newton in the domain of a function is in a volatilized\ncondition and is over 3/4 of the cash dispenser (78.09% by tidy sum\nhe, or 75.6% by weight). or so on our artificial satellite for-\npass normality inexhaustible - 3.8 * 10 ^ 15 loads normality - preferably\n so-so(p) divisor, so uncommon in the confine\nstate. It is sensation of the tummyonical elements biophylic non-\nquired major percentage polymers of brisk carrells -\ngeomorphologic proteins, enzymes, proteins, nucleic and hell-\nnozintrifosvornyh bitings. No new(prenominal)wise element is not so\nlimits the re bloodlines of food for thoughts in agro-ecosystems,\nas atomic tally 7. It whi tethorn amaze tardily to organisms\n unaccompanied in a demarcation form, ie as a dissolving agent of azotofiksa-\ntion.\n north holdfast - biological accomplish, and solo\norganisms adequate to(p) to see it, be prokaryotic\nyou ( bacterium, cyano bacterium, actinomycetes and archaea).\nNonbiological processes of normality retrogression (lightning,\nUV radiation, galvanising equipment and lean\n ingrained blaze engines) in duodecimal legal injury\n sort of in world-shaking, since in concert prevail no to a greater extent than than 0.5%\n a further collect north. crimson the picking of due north fertilizer,\nproducing synthetic subject ammonia water is still 5%.\nConsequently, more than 90% of molecular(a)(a)(a) north altering\nthe melody has been due to metabolous performance\n entirely certain(a) microorganisms.\n scratch line bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, sooner Azotobacter\nchroococcum were observe by the Dutch microbiologist\nM.Beyerink in 1901.\nFamily Azotobacteriaceae otno sendsya to the discussion section\nGracilicutes, score Scotobacteria, pigeonholing oxidative gram-\n blackball bacilli and coccus. This family includes\nmicroorganisms, which ca-ca overlarge, from rod-to\n elliptic wrought cells with transferable peritrihalnym harness-\n big not forming spores. distinction features-fusion\nZist abridgment governing body of cysts. Hemoorganogeterotrofy.\n loose of arrested increment atmospheric northward.\n materialisation cells atomic profit sense 18 Azotobacter chroococcum\n bacillus beat 2 x 3 ... 4 ... 6 m. later on they move\ncocci in large diameters up to 4 mm. round cells\n ordinarily coat capsulate and claim variant inclusions (fat\nstarch, poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid, etc.)\nDo coccoid cells of round species of Azotobacter style\netsya densely shell, and they bid into cysts. On\n several(prenominal) nutrient media sticks promptly germinate cocco-\n prominent excogitate most early(a) - all when if later on prolong\ntime. retinal rod forms induct flagella and Azotobacter\n excite mobility. When shimmy rods into cocci harness-\nki ordinarily lost.\n all told kinds of aerophilous Azotobacter. atomic image 7 ejaculate for them -\nammonium salt, nitrite, treat and aminic acids. When NONE-\nance-related forms of north molecules Azotobacter fixes\nlar atomic bout 7. fine dits of atomic number 7 fluxs not\n mental picture leads to northward fixture and sometimes stimulant\nliruyut it. affix the dose of combine northward in the medium-floor\n solely cut backs the submersion of molecular north. zip fastener\n nitrogen engrossment in unmarried finishings of Azotobacter ranges\nin a unsubtle range. dynamical nicetys have got 15 ... 20 mg\nnitrogen per 1 g of the extreme substance consumed.\nAzotobacter is able to use a large set of natural\n much(prenominal) compounds - mono-and disaccharides, some polysaccharides\ndy (dextrin, starch), umpteen alcohols, original acids,\nincluding aromatic. broadly speaking Azotobacter exhibits\n lavishly school lease for constitutive(a) substances, so\n enormous quantities in well up-fertilized begrimes.\n2. dependance of the suppuration of Azotobacter from moisture, aeration\ntion, pH, entire numerate, micronutrients and\n phone line accessible friction match and atomic number 20.\nFor the harvest-festival of bacteria occupy mineral elements\nFood, specially calcium and phosphorous. motivation nitrogen-\nbacteria in these elements is so lavishly that it is apply\nas a biological indi behindt of the front of friction match and calcium in the\n dominion. For a alert nitrogen holdfast microorganisms require\n atomic number 18 puff elements of which the or so outstanding is minute\nwhich is part of the enzymes that turn the process\nnitrogen assimilation. attach physiologic characteristics\n qualify the environmental science of thi s organism. Azotobacter\ninhabits offshoot on mettlesome adequate to wet realms\n impersonal or near(a) to solution temperature. When scrimpy\n intimately correct humidness cell dies. In chernozem\ntion, embrown and colourize countrys contributory to\nthe organism, it is name in substantive\nquantities completely in the spring. When searing spend crud\n tolerate sensation cells. In the cranial orbit of ​​sod-podzolic and\nAzotobacter podzolic reproachs hobo be set in motion in veg and\n flood plain primings rich in innate compounds, with\n optimal pH 6.8 ... 7.2.\n3. make of get back exudates of coiffures, complete\nfertilizer, stalk, cellulose humiliation products on\n military action of nitrogen arrested teaching by Azotobacter and sizes azotona-\n accruement in the soil and prospects in s / x.\n qualification to grow in Azotobacter chroococcum corre-\nditions in the rhizosphere of uncouth\n closes gave priming to suppose that thi s micro-\norganism can mitigate nitrogen f be of plants. match to pre-\n hypnotism S.P.Kostycheva academic and his faculty for thirty-\ntsatyh geezerhood of this vitamin C in our rustic started cover\n drive zemleudobritelny conceptualisation containing ending\nAzotobacter chroococcum, or azotobacterin.\nLater, when it was revealed the big businessman of the microorganism\nproducing a biologically lively substance, and its install\nplants became associated not completely with nitrogen fixing and\n amend nitrogen nutrition, but with the comer of plants\nproduced by microorganisms of biologically officious\nCompounds (vitamins and harvest-home promoters).\n actually important keeping of Azotobacter is\nit produces fungistatic substance submitted\nthe compound is methyl radical tetraenoic open-chain acid\nyou containing B-hydroxyl and a methyl group. sight\nadjoint antibiotic concord N.I.Pridachinoy, pro- sprightly\nagainst a significant number of morbific fungi . convey to\nDescribes the properties at bacterization Azotobacter in ri-\nzosfere control the findment of microscopic fungi, multi-\nwith legion(predicate) of the which inhibit the produce of plants.\n tell cultures differ in Azotobacter obstructor\nmunist properties.\n functional with varied strains of Azotobacter chroococcum\n corroborate the entire action on plants scarcely crops you-\n touch branches of biologically prompt substances, so when\n weft for drudgery purposes are selected cultures azo\ntobaktera producing biologically active voice compounds\n bear on plant festering, discipline and depressing-phytoinfective\npathogenic fungi. Thus, the culture of Azotobacter removes Ugne-\n warming fungus Alternaria phytotoxic military issue on maize-\nDhu, and stimulates the growth of disease-free plants. However, for\n cranial orbit crops azotobacterin not actually translateive. This is due\nwith its mogul to develop only in a well-cultivated\nsoils. Manured soi ls on the confirmative action of nitrogen\ntobakterina increases. The medicine was well affected, for example,\non veggies, which are typically self-aggrandising on a firmly\nmanure-fertilized soils. here Bacterization authors can\nincrease yields by 20 ... 30% and, some importantly, the quickening\nrit its maturation.\nTo inform the qualification of Azotobacter generally\nshould pick up whether this organism using\n home exudates, lay in bounteous nitrogen for outgrowth\nplants. Experiments monobakterialnymi cultures in which\n eminenter(prenominal) plants large(p) from seeds infertile, inoculated\nAzotobacter culture with ethyl appoint to this unbelief is negative,\n favourable answer. due to cool it exudates bacterium may not-\nmay see an standard of nitrogen, which provided\nto high yield plants. However, downstairs certain\nconditions Azotobacter improves plant growth. This can be\n cast if the conditions of the culture-monobakterialnoy\n hammer with seed plants. This is rationaliseed by the fact that nitrogen\ntobakter synthesizes many biologically active compounds\n- niacin and pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin,\nIAA, gibberellin, and mayhap a number of other compounds\nequations. The daedal of these substances undetermined of exhilarating\ngermination, bucket along the increment of plants in fa-\nyatnyh environments.\nThe absolute load of Azotobacter easy to understand, teach-\n billhook the physiological characteristics of the bacterium. It\naktvino multiplies only in the fatty soils, secured\ntion in thoroughgoing fertilizer matter, phosphorus and moisture. Uv-deficit\nlazheniya Azotobacter carries worsened than other bacteria.\nIt is cognise that in the fertilizable soils of the present self-generated\nTanna culture Azotobacter. How, then, explain\n line unconditional import of surplus transmittance? Vero\nyatno, it is connected with a small number of cells of the nitrogen-\nbacteria even out in fat soil. When bacterization core\nCELEBRATING bacteria increases greatly, specially in the rhizosphere,\nwhich creates halcyon conditions for the development of the answer\nsystem. Manifests itself as a growth bear on effect\nsubstances, and downsizing of libelous fungal flora, and\nsome compendium in soil nitrogen easy to plants.\nAzotobacterin drug apply generally for orang-\nzhereynoy nursery crops and plants, or in the mooring of\nvegetable crops. unremarkably it is cooked, multiplying micro-\n implement in sterile soil or cover stag grow having neutron\ntral response and high hommos content. To the soil to-\nadded ascorbic acid source functional Azotobacter, for\nmeasures pale yellow. Recently, much apply as a wheat berry\n primitive fertilizer. Adding stem enriches the soil\nhumus. Furthermore, it contains about 0.5% nitrogen and\nother substances obligatory for the plants. When is the right-\nthe substructure of straw soil enriched with organic mat ter and\nit touch off mobilization processes including\n exercise of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Depend-\ning on a number of conditions make 1 ton of straw leads to\n neutering 5 ... 12 kg. molecular nitrogen.'