Ebays impact on global trade - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 29 Words: 8565 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? How eBay has an impact on global trade. Introduction 2 What Is eBay? 3 Literature Review 12 Case Study 19 Results 25 Conclusions 27 Bibliography 28 Introduction The advent of the Internet has changed many dynamics in the ways we do things with respect to our business as well as personal lives. The near zero cost of communication and transmission the medium provides has brought new variables to the ability of people to conduct transactions in the borderless Internet world. The new global economy has created the dynamics for call centres based in various parts of the globe, as well as the ability of individuals to conduct international transactions based upon the availability of a computer and Internet connection. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ebays impact on global trade" essay for you Create order These technological advantages are the foundation of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s existence. It provides the means, methodologies, transactional variables, currency and language, as well as common platform via which sellers and buyers are brought together in one cyber locale to purchase and sell anything from pens to airplanes. Gandolfo (1998, P 2) describes the theory of international trade as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the causes, structure and the volume à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (of goods) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which are importedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ as well as exported and the relative effects that availability and transportability have on price as well as demand. The foregoing is viewed in the same perspective by Dixit et al (1985, P. 1) who explain the theory of international trade as being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ qualitative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (as in)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ being concerned with the pattern of trade, i.e. which country will export which goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This conc erns itself with factors such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ comparative advantage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Dixit et al (1985, P. 1) which includes such aspects as technological differences, supplies, etc. They go on to explain that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the other theme is more quantitative, and seeks to explain the terms of trade à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Dixit et al, 1985, P. 1) through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ relative prices of exports and importsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Dixit et al, 1985, P. 1). The preceding represents the contexts in which an examination of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"How eBay has an impact on global tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ shall be conducted. The selection of a more simplified quantitative method is a reflection of the fact that the pattern of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trading is conducted among individual buyers and sellers based on need, desire and availability, with the aspects of production and supply as secondary factors. The preceding is because the relative nature of the trading platform represent singular or used items rather than new products and the development or creation of demand for mass production and sale, which is a foundational consideration of the qualitative approach. In order to equate the foregoing, eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s impact on global trade shall be examined utilizing varied theories, such as Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces Model, Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Competitive Advantage, the Heckscher-Ohlin Model, Factor-Price Equalization, and various components of international trade theory. eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operational mode is built upon the foundations of our new global Internet technologies, as well as nearly zero cost communications, 24 hour availability, borderless platform and the ability of individuals, regardless of their business acumen, financial status, location, resources or background to trade virtually anything and anytime. The foregoing represents a unique a pplication of the foregoing theories, thus representing an interesting example of a modern technological medium in the realm of global trade. What Is eBay? EBay is a web-based marketplace whereby a community of sellers and buyers are gathered for the purpose of browsing to buy and or sell a plethora of items ranging from toys, to clothes, and all manner of household and recreational goods to items as big as vehicles, airplanes and to items such as the current offering of a $4,000,000 USD Ramada Inn Motel located in Madisonville, Kentucky in the United States (eBay, 2006). The company was founded in 1995 by Pierre Omidyar and originally was named Auctionweb (wikipedia, 2005). Interestingly, the first item sold on that web site was a broken laser pointer that fetched a price of $14.83. Omidyar called the purchaser to confirm to him that the laser pointer was indeed broken, to which he received the response that the winning bidder was a collector or these type of items (wikipedia , 2005). The operation of the web site consists of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s proprietary software and interfaces which establish a platform for users, buyers and sellers, to communicate with each other over the items up for sale through a bidding process. The company itself, is actually not involved in the interaction between the seller and the buyer, except as the medium via which the transaction takes place. eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s participation it limited to providing the technology, software, registration procedures, seller and buyer rating analysis and the means to conduct the transaction for a percentage of the final bid (eBay, 2006). The web site is user friendly, offering links to explain the process, how to utilize it, as well as all of the pertinent regulations, rules and procedural aspects for conducting selling as well as buying. Sellers are cautioned not to ship items until the payment established in the winning bid has been received, and conversely buyers are cautione d to read the sellers rating as established by other buyers of prior items in considering entering into a transaction. Through the utilization of what is termed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"feedback ratingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ buyers send a report after a transaction is concluded concerning their respective experiences with that seller. This data, compiled over time, helps other buyers determine the reliability of the seller in future transactions. And while the system is of course open to abuse in first instances, eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reputation with aiding buyers in legal disputes as well as the buyer protection provisions of most credit cards helps to keep these types of instances to a minimum (Kalyanam et al, 2001, P 1). EBay has taken further steps to secure the reliability of transactions through its purchase of the online payment and money transfer company PayPal in 2002 (wikipedia, 2005). The direct control over auction payment transactions provided by PayPalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s connec tion with eBay permits the company to retrieve monies from sellers for none delivered items as well as an additional database resource on the sellers vital personal information, such as banking account and other details to aid in prosecution, if necessary. EBay has been on an international expansion program since 1999 when it acquired the auction house of Butterfield Butterfield (wikipedia, 2005). Since that time, it has acquired the following entities, giving it representation in the following markets (wikipedia, 2005): 1999, acquired auction house Alando whose name was changed to eBay Germany, 2000, acquired Half.com which it integrated into its eBay Marketplace, 2001, acquired Mercado Libre, iBazar, and Lakau, Latin American auction sites to provide it with representation in that region, 2003, acquired EachNet, an ecommerce company based in China, 2004, acquired Baazee.com, and auction site in India, 2004, acquired InternetAuction Co in Korea, 2004, acquired Marketplaats.nl an auction house located in The Netherlands 2005, acquired Gumtree, which represents a network of local city classified sites in the United Kingdom, 2005, acquired Skype, an Internet based telephone call system Today, eBay has transaction sites in the following countries (eBay, 2006) Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China France Germany Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Korea Malaysia Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Philippines Poland Singapore Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan United Kingdom As well as sub sites offering (eBay, 2006) eBay Motors This segment of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s web site provides sellers and buyers the opportunity to auction passenger vehicles, motorcycles, parts and accessories, trucks, boats, ATVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, snowmobiles, scooters, aircraft, buses, commercial vehicles, race cars, campers, trailers and varied sub-categories within this genre eBay Stores This aspect of the eBay web site contains direct affiliations with established retailers such as: Hewlett Packard CompuSource Tech 4 Video Equipment Italian Artisans Jewelry BiziPC Store Dell Computers Auto Wholesale Supercenter U.S. Postal Service Collectibles Hot Rod Clothing Railroading and Collectibles Artaholics 4 Hire A multitude of video game and video equipment retailers JPWDirectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Jewelry and Gem Shop Eddieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bargain Center HalleyRus Your Swimsuit and Jewellery Too As well as a number of other retailers The preceding represents quite a revealing look into the manner in which eBay offers buyers the opportunity to acquire not only used items, but new ones as well. This is an important aspect in the examination and investigation of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s influence on global trade as it opens up a new dimension with respect to what Dixit et al (1985, P. 1) explained regarding the theory of international trade as being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ qualitative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (as in)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ being concerned with the pattern of trade, i.e. which country will export which goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This aspect includes items such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ comparative advantage, i.e. to international differences in relative opportunity costs, and then tries to explain comparative advantage in terms of differences in technologies, factor supplies, etc.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Dixit et al (1985, P. 1). This further explanation is important in that as a result of eBay offering new goods, it is facilitating new product sales as well as access to new markets through its auction platform. This impacts international trade from the perspective of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"comparative advantageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in that an isolated market offering a particular item which has been deemed by corporations as not justifying the cost of investment in supplying said item on a production or distribution standpoint, leaves said item to those or that company or individuals in that market to satisfy. This provides them with the opportunity to set prices based upon the limited supply, thus increasing the cost relative to demand. EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s new product offerings have the effect of changing this dynamic as the limited market demand for certain items is met through their new product web affiliations. Discounting for tariff, shipping and import duties, the forgoing has the potential of reducing consumer acquisition costs in such an instance. While the preceding might seemin gly represent a limited application of this theory, the fact remains that the implications and opportunity for said theory to be utilized represents the important aspect. A deeper examination of David Ricardoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1817) theory shall be illustrated in the Literature Review. eBay Business eBay offers business owners and entrepreneurs the opportunity to sell as well as acquire items on a singular as well as ongoing basis through this site segment. It offers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Purchase Protectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ up to $20,000 USD, financing and payment methods, shipping options, and importantly global resources. It provides on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"line assistance in finding, bidding and buying items sold and offered on an international basis, as well as how to secure payment, along with customs information. EBay Business offers category headings for items ranging from cell phones, to laptops, office equipment, furnishings, construction items, food service and retail, industrial supply, manufacturing and metalworking and commercial trucks and real estate to list a few aspects. As explained in the preceding segment, eBay Stores, the net effect of providing these types of categories is to open up international markets to the variables of supply and demand, notwithstanding tar iff and import duty costs. Half.com This is a discount site offering video games, DVD movies, and music. Books, and more at prices ranging from 50% to 80% off retail. PayPal EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purchase of this international payments, money transfer and credit card system provided it with an internal means to aid customers of its web site control the buyer and seller transaction, as well as aid in the re-coupment of monies in the event of non performance by either party. This aspect of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations helps to ensure trust in the process as well as serve as an additional revenue stream resulting from the transactions in this quarter. The movement of currency across PayPalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s international network that services (PayPal, 2006): Australia Austria Belgium Canada China France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain Denmark Finland Greece Hong Kong Ireland Japan Mexico New Zealand Norway Portugal Argentina Brazil Chile Ecuador India Jamaica Costa Rica Dominican Republic Iceland Israel Malaysia Thailand Anguilla Cyrus Czech Republic Estonia Hungrey Latvia Lithuania Luxenbourg Malta Poland, has the implications of having financial disbursement and transaction capabilities in more countries than eBay has web site operations means that the means to enter these markets has been enhanced, offering considerable leverage for future expansion. ProStores The ramifications of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Pro Stores permits an individual located anywhere to open an on-line e-commerce web site to sell items which could be acquired from eBay or other sources. The implications further impact eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s international trade stance in that it furthers and fosters this through assisting customers in establishing operations in this quarter, which then can result in cross further cross border transactions. Rent.com An apartment rental and home selection site, Rent.com provides a service to consumers looking to relocate, find a house or vacation property as well as list apartments and or homes. Its implications with respect to international trade are not as tangible as the other site services listed, but it does provide an example of the broad diversity the company offers in attracting customers which can potentially be converted to other services under its banner. Shopping.com This site category represents one that is similar to eStores as well as Half.com in that it provides consumers with a means to purchase electronics, books, clothing, appliances, computers, mobile phones, music, office equipment and furnishings and other items at discount prices. Skype EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acquisition of Skype for $2.6 billion on September 13, 2005 (CNET News, 2005) is seen in differing views on the part of industry analysts. Some see the acquisition as representing a defensive move by the company to position it to have access to more customers, cross selling opportunities as well as utilize the service for its existing membership base to lower utilization costs and increase revenue at Skype. With 52 million customers, Skype adds 2 million paying consumers to eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current base, the potential for increasing that total has real dimensions (Evan, 2005) (The Social Customer Manifesto, 2005) (Jupiter Research, 2005). Others see the acquisition as potentially risky in that the field of VoIP players has plenty of competitors that could potentially surpass Skype considering Microsoftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s varied Internet intentions in this quarter as well (Jupiter Research, 2005). Forrester Research (2005) sees the acquisition as risky in that Skype does not represent a sustainable advantage to eBay in terms of its customer base or service uniqueness. In addition, Forrester Research (2005) sees the price tag as being too high for the potential revenue conversion and paying customer base. Whichever scenario does eventually wind up being the case, the preceding is another example of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s further entrance into global trade through a communications company that will provide it with added capabilities regardless of the financial ramifications. The preceding list of countries as well as sub eBay web sites and offerings is important in understanding the range of items and merchandise that is sellable through this marketplace and thus helps to provide a view as to the manner in which the foregoing has an impact on global trade. If oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view was that eBay was the purveyor of primarily house wares, art, clothes, electronics and other such items, along with the occasional large ticket items such as the indicated Ramada Inn and or aircraft, the foregoing would change that opinion. The web site is set up to enable buyers and sellers to come together for almost all manner of products in a standard fashion, meaning that the sale of a vehicle, boat, house, airplane or other large sale item is not viewed as unusual. These aspects along with the expanded range of services and interlaced service options represent eBay making a concerned effort to corner the global cyber trading market and thus position the company as the dominant player in buy and sell options for consumers. Literature Review The examination of the implications of eBay with regard to its impact on global trade takes into account a number of theoretical aspects which have differing ramifications. Given the broad implications represented by the foregoing, an analysis of varied international trade theorems was researched to provide a basis for evaluating the preceding. The fact that theories represen t the integral aspect in examining eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s impact upon global trade, the grouping of the literature review has been organized into theoretical categories rather than by author. This provided the opportunity, where warranted to present differing aspects within the theorem which hopefully provides a more comprehensive view. Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces Model (1979, Pp 21-22) The foundation for Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces Model is the fact that differing industries in fact sustain different profitability levels, due in part to industry structure. Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1979, Pp 21-22) Five Forces Model provides a framework that models industries based upon them being influenced by Five Forces. These are (1979, Pp 21-22): Supplier Power This aspect of Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1997) Five Forces Model represents the scenario whereby the suppliers of the raw materials wield supplier power in respect to their potential to raise or lower prices, as well as the aspect of an abundance or shortage of materials. As eBay operates on a proprietary software platform utilizing a web site that operates on its own servers, it basically controls almost all aspects of this category. The variable that supplier power could be applied to the sellers of products on its web site can be considered, however, the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s virtual monopoly in terms of its Concentration Ratio (see Degree of Rivalry), renders this equation as basically moot. Barriers to Entry The potential for new firms, processes or technology to provide a means for rival firms to enter the field is always a possibility in the light of unforeseen developments. In the absence of any foreseeable developments in this area, eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dominant position in the online auction industry makes the cost of entry high for potential competitors in that it is entrenched as THE online auction site with in excess of 52 million subscribers as well as the potential new subscribers as offered by its PayPal and Skype subsidiaries. As a result of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dominant market penetration, and subscriber base of 52 million, the threat of a rival would have to come close to or match the company in terms of raw numbers in bringing buyers and sellers into one marketplace. In addition, the foreign market locales already secured by eBay represent another significant barrier to entry in that a rival firm would not only have to meet certain subscriber numbers in eBayà ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s domestic market, the United States, but also in a percentage of the 26 foreign locales in which it is also dominant in order to be considered a serious contender. Threat of Substitutes From an economistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s standpoint, the threat of substitutes is exercised when the demand for a product or service is affected by the change in price of a substitute product or service. The more said substitute product or service becomes available, the greater the threat and thus price elasticity. EBay enjoys a virtual monopoly within the industry as evidenced by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the degree of rivalryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as explained under category 5. This positioning virtually eliminates the potential for the threat of substitutes in that eBay represents a fixed software marketplace where it simply provides the platform for sellers and buyers to transact their business. The uniqueness of this cyber platform means that eBay is basically invisible in the selling and buying process except as a facilitator. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s virtual monopoly in the online auction arena means that the potential for a substitute service or aspect of a service to replace its do minance is nearly impossible. As eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rates are fixed, in terms of per unit transaction, the modest fees are not enough of a point to drive substitution, as explained under Degree of Rivalry. Buyer Power In most industry types, the category of buyer power has significance in terms of a variable which could lead to or represent weakness. In the instance of eBay, buyer poser represents is customer base on which it has a virtual monopoly. The foregoing means that the company operates with the advantage of buyer power in its favour. Degree of Rivalry Porter (1997) posits that in a traditional economic model that the competition between rival firms has the effect of wanting to drive profits to zero as a result of price sensitivity. But, since the market and competition is less than perfect, as well as companies seeking to employ a competitive advantage of one form or another over their competition, the intensity of competition as well as the n umber and size of rival firms creates unequal skews in this area. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Concentration Ratioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is one measure of rivalry utilized by economists to determine the foregoing. eBay scores an impressive and basically unbelievable 90% of the consumer-to-consumer auction market ratio (wikipedia, 2005). Termed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"category killerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the preceding means that eBay has a competitive advantage which makes it almost impossible for firms to either remain in business or enter in those markets in which eBay has a presence. It also means that those firm s which are operating in this industry in markets which eBay has yet to enter are at risk if and when eBay decides to enter, owing to its size, superior resources and reputation. EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s monopoly status is a result of it having the largest concentration of sellers and buyers, which means that oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offering has a better chance in securing the desired price, or that one has a better opportunity to find the item one is looking for as a result of said concentrations. As a result of the foregoing competitive advantage, eBay can stave off competitive threats, if they were to surface, through a reduction in auction fees, the addition of free services or extras, as well as utilizing its broad base of other sites and services as leverage. The strong facet of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive advantage, in addition to its 90% Concentration ratio, is the purchase of PayPal. The foregoing provides it with not only a seamless method of transaction completio n, it also provides eBay with exposure to the millions of PayPal customers who have not yet utilized the service. The foregoing is critical when one considers that PayPal is represented in 43 countries (PayPal, 2006) and eBay presently is in operation in 26 countries (eBay, 2006). The foregoing might not seem that noteworthy in face of the fact that eBay operates in cyberspace, therefore it is actually available on a global basis, unless there are governmental access restrictions. Even so, the added dimension which PayPal as well as Skype bring to the already dominant eBay positional advantage decreases the potential of a rival firm being able to exist in its matrix. Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Competitive Advantage The preceding analysis of the literature concerning Michael Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1979) Five Forces Model leads directly to his Competitive Advantage formulations. In his book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Competitive Advantageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Michael Porter (1998, P 1) describes the fact that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Competitive strategy is the search for a favourable competitive position in an industry.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  He describes competitive advantage as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ value a firm is able to create for its buyers that exceeds the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost of creating ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The preceding represents a telling statement. Porter (1998, P 62 118) indicates that the competitive advantage entails cost leadership (Porter, 1998, P 11-14) as well as differentiation (Porter, 1998, P 158-160) . In the instance of cost leadership a company sets out to establish itself as the low cost producer or dominant force in its industry which also can be achieved t hrough being the first in a position of dominance whereby ones cost structure becomes the standard. The foregoing describes eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advantage which was based upon rational costs that were in keeping with realistic pricing. Differentiation, in the context as laid forth by Porter (Porter, 1998, P 158-160) is whereby a company sets out to be unique within its industry by virtue of either a product, service or some other dimension which is highly valued by its customers. In the instance of eBay this entails its auction trading platform which provides a unique methodology that is subscribers utilize to conduct business without direct interference or overt awareness of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s software running in the background guiding and facilitating the process. The aspects of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces strengths and competitive advantages has implications with respect to international trade in that rival competing firms are essentially locked out of the i ndustry thus leaving eBay as a control element with respect to international trade among individuals as well as small firms. Heckscher-Ohlin Model This theorem puts forth that a country that is abundant in capital will be an exporter of capital-intensive goods. Conversely, a country that is labour intensive will export labour intensive products (Rivera-Batiz et al, 2004, Pp 13-19). The Heckscher-Ohlin Model posits that the relative advantage lies in a country concentrating upon the inherent advantage in which it has a relative abundance. This area is applicable to eBay in that its advantage lies in the proprietary software platform that it established in advance of other companies, with a secondary advantage being that the company was established in the United States market at the beginning of the Internet utilization explosion. These factors provided the climate whereby eBay was bale to grow t an astounding rate unchallenged by competitors until its size and dominance s being the first as well as aggressive marketing left it in a position whereby Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces (1997) limited the ability of other firms to emulate its example. The applicability of the foregoing with respect to international trade lies in eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exporting of a technology platform whereby consumers can utilize this foundation to conduct business within their own countries as well as with other individuals outside of their borders. The effects in terms of international trade is that eBay is contributing to the process on a micro level multiplied by the millions of its subscribers thus resulting in a significant level. As of July 2004 eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s international sales represented earnings of $273.7m ( £148m) for a 76% increase representing 17 countries as of that date (BBC News, 2004). Factor-Price Equalization This theorem arises out of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model and posits that when the price of goods that are output by countries equalizes when those countries are moving toward free trade, then the factors of labour and capital will also become equalized (Trefler, 1993, Pp 961-987). In the instance of eBay, the international trading platform, in some instances and to a small degree, fosters the implementation of this theorem in that in those markets where certain items are scarce or dear, the option of availability as a result of online availability can result in lowering local prices. eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s influence and the nature of the transaction types is not yet that sophisticated in terms of total volume, however the continued growth of its small business segment is demonstrating such an example in the United States in a limited capacity. As the sophistication of the site and users grows, the potential for this theorem to take hold on an international level seems plausible. International Trade Theory There are several different models which explain varying aspects of international trade. The Heckscher-Ohlin Model is one such variant which was treated as a separate case due to its theorem of labour and capital-intensive goods and the relationship to Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces Model. (1997). The following theories have a different basis for equation and shall thus be explained as part of the literature review under International Trade as a prelude to the Case Study and Discussion segment. Ricardian Model David Ricardoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1817) book which illustrated what has come to be known as the Ricardian Model, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, which focuses on comparative advantage and represents what is considered as the most critical aspect of international trade theory. It states that countries wind up focusing on those goods that they are best at producing as opposed to a broad array of goods. The implications with regard to eBay are that the underlying foundation of the company is its software that provides the platform for individuals to conduct the auctioning of their goods. This factor creates the climate for international trade in that it transcends borders and brings together sellers and buyers regardless of location. In terms of the United States, software programs and development represents one of the services which the country is best known for. Consider Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, and the multitude of companies that produce software which is export ed and utilized on a global basis. As such, the software platform of eBay is the foundation whereby it is engaged in the conduct of international trade in 26 countries as an established operation and countless others whereby individuals access the web site and utilize its services even though they do not reside in a country with a dedicated eBay site. Ricardo (1817, P 9) refers to Adam Smith in drawing an example of value in use and value in exchange, which is the foundation of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s auction principle. Smith stated that the things à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which have the greatest value in use, have frequently little of no value in exchange; and, on the contrary, those which have the greatest value in exchange, have little or no value in useà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Ricardo, 1817, P 9). In the instance of eBay, this can be applied to a large percentage of the goods and products sold such as jewelry, dolls, collectibles, antiques, etc. However, the site also sells, o r offers, a tremendous amount of goods and products such as computers, clothes, appliances and the like. All in all however, David Ricardoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1871) theory has validity in that the items of exchange generally fetch higher overall per item sales relative to their utility. The implication with regard to international trade is that money is exchanged for items offered on the site which more than likely would not have occurred as a result of the bringing together of interested parties to conduct the transaction. A limited Lulu comic book purchased by a buyer in Hungary more than likely might not have happened save for them being brought together through the eBay marketplace. The preceding might be an example whereby such could or might have otherwise occurred, however the mass scale of such transactions made possible by eBay indicates that the instances would be and were far less before the existence of the site. Therein lies a critical example of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s influence and effect upon international trade, it has increased the incidence of such occurrences, and thus increased trade in that quarter by bringing million of individuals into contact with each other who did not have the context to conduct such trades before. Gravity Model Another theory of international trade that has implications with regard to eBay is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"gravity modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Its implications with regard to international trade are represented by the fact that it predicts trade based upon the distance that exists between countries and the interaction of their respective economies (Anderson et al, 2003, Pp 170-192). In terms of eBay, the model works in the following fashion. Its equation is, under social scientists, takes into account the population of two differing locales and their distance. The larger the locales the most interaction occurs as a result, due to the mass of individuals (Bergstrand, 1989, Pp 143-152). In other words, using migration as the example, the number of people in Los Angeles that would move to New York is greater than the number of people than would occur between New York and San Francisco. While the relative distance are approximately equal the population of metropolitan Los Angeles is 9.5 millio n, as of 2000 (MSN Encarta, 2005) and the population of San Francisco represented 799,263 individuals (Study Center, 2005). Applying the gravity theory to eBay indicates that with a universe of 52 million people, the potential for a seller linking to a buyer on an international scale is greater than can be accomplished by any other medium, thus representing eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hold and influence in this manner of trading. The resulting impact is that an individual in Madrid can think in terms of looking on eBay to find a Walt Disney Minnie Mouse doll and achieving greater success than searching in their hometown. Conversely the reverse is also true. An individual in Cleveland, Ohio has a higher degree of success in searching eBay for an authentic shawl made in Spain than looking in the local shops. Case Study The following shall seek to examine the varied reasons that are contributing factors to the success of eBay on an international basis by looking into the economic, economic, psychological implications which are a part of its chemistry. Regardless of location, people tend to act and think the same when it comes to buying in that they all do not like over paying for items they buy. The essential principle behind eBay is economic as well as psychological in that goods will seek to find their way into those circumstances whereby enterprising sellers will bring items to interested buyers utilizing a lower price concept to dispose of their wares. In terms of international trade at eBay, there is sufficient empirical evidence that supports the border effect. The foregoing means that the prices for items between differing countries are usually more than the prices for an item within a country (Engel et al, 1999, Pp 29-58). Modern technology has made possible the increase in price transparency as online Internet based shopping locations can be freely browsed without charge and individuals can discover the relative cost of items via comparison (Baye et al, 2001, Pp 454-475). EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acquisition of the online payment source PayPal further increased its utility as well as impact in the international trade arena as it facilitated currency conversion and transfers thus making the complexity of which rate to utilize moot. The first consideration in examining eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s appeal as well as impact and success in international trade is that sellers have the task of determining the appeal of their offering. As a result, by and large, the high percentage of items are highly tradable, otherwise they are paying a transaction fee that will not yield results. The question which the preceding brings to mind is whether the border effect is a representation of the differing currencies or the fact that there are borders involved. An examination provided by utilizing the euro will aid in this equation and its implications with regard to eBay and its impact on international trade as to whether this is an inhibitor to eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s process. The common European currency is a unit of value that remains constant throughout the European Union community, however, it does not represent price setting or fixing in terms of items sold within countries as this is a factor of the laws of supply and demand. As a result, differences in the price for the same item within the European Union can be found between the United Kingdom and Spain. This same disparity can be found in online shops on the Internet as uncovered by Baye et al (2004, Pp 463-496). The preceding concept is an important aspect in the principle of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"law of one priceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Rogoff (1996, Pp 647-668) states that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"law of one priceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ generally entails large as well as persistent price differentials. In terms of goods sold internationally, there is a correlation with respect to certain economic principles that aids in determining categories as well as elements present in th e process. Chen (2004, Pp 1257-1286) states that in the instance of tradable versus non-tradable goods, less tradable goods show more price differentials between countries. In defining non-tradable goods Chen (2004, Pp 1257-1286) utilized the example of supermarket products where the variables of rent, labour costs and transportation where factors in the final cost, and that these components differ between countries in the European Union. In line with the foregoing, the higher transportation costs are, the higher the incidence and scope for price discrimination and thus differential in price. Factors such as differing languages as well as product regulation requirements, termed border effect, can result in price differentials thus driving them upward, along with taxes. And, currency trade flows which consists of conversion costs also represents a factor in international trade (Gagnon et al, 2001, P 704). The borderless make up of the Internet basically renders the border effect n ull, discounting for shipping, tariff and import regulations, with respect to differences in online shops, thus setting up the foundational parameter for the appeal of eBay as an international trading force in that buyers have the opportunity to check prices either before or during bidding in a number of ways. Thus, the differential can be termed the currency effect, however a case can be made for each in that the added shipping, tariff and other costs are potential end sale inhibitors. EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2005 December quarter international sales totalled $464,521,000 as compared against U.S marketplace sales of $504,891 which reveals the strength of this segment in driving profits. The year end results indicate that U.S. marketplace sales for the year end 2004 totalled $1,338,715,000 representing a 31% increase over 2003 year end sales, and the international marketplace sales totalled $1,157,472,000 which represented an increase of 76% over the same period in 2003 (eBay Ann ual Report, 2005). A Bloomberg report for October 18, 2004 indicated that eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth is being fuelled by international marketplace sales. One of the primary reasons is that eBay so totally dominates the United States market for online auction sales that overseas sellers looking to list products that appeal to Americans have virtually no choice but to utilize the company. This represents a considerable marketing advantage for the company which helps to fuel online placements even when sellers are not specifically looking for U.S. buyers. This dominance has a significant impact on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to shut out other potential companies as well as influence global sales resulting through online site auctioning. In terms of the United States, eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance is exceptional in that the U.S. recorded a trade deficit of $68.5 billion in December 2005 (Foreign Trade Statistics, 2006). Thus, eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s international tr ade performance from that perspective represents a huge impact in terms of it being a positive trading platform in the global community where American products and companies do not fair that well. The statistics indicate that in 2004 135 million individuals representing 150 different countries listed a total of 1,339,900,000 items on eBay (eBay Annual Report, 2004). In terms of a percentage of global trade eBay is not a major force as the sales of vehicles, computer software, electronic equipment, agricultural products and other commodities are more influential. EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s impact in the global arena has more to do with its impact on individuals and their ability to either sell or buy items which were either unavailable or difficult to obtain prior to its existence. Even with the Internet providing global consumers with the means to shop for anything, anywhere at anytime, the principle of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"one priceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as explained by Rogoff (1996, Pp 647- 668) and the desire for individuals to seek the lowest price help to drive them to eBay as an option. The framework of eBay lends itself to fostering increased international trade as a result of the indicated borderless format of the Internet. This connect anytime, anywhere foundation provides individuals with a 24 hour 7 day a week location to list and sell their items whereby the buyers determine the price through the bidding process. EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s existence has had an impact in global trade in that the $1.1 billion generated by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s international marketplace would be nonexistent, save for it, or another firm, being the facilitator of such trading. In terms of actual size, the company is dwarfed by the likes of Wal-Mart with 287,989,000,000 in sales, as well as British Petroleum $285,059,000,000, Exxon $270,772,000,000 and Royal Dutch Shell $268,690,000,000 (Fortune Global 500, 2005), but it is the class leader in fostering sales among indivi duals. Its dominance as represented by Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Five Forces Model (1979, Pp 21-22) with respect to: Supplier Power Barriers to Entry Threat of Substitutes Buyer Power, and Degree of Rivalry, represents a monopolistic model of how to capture and corner a market niche. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"concentration ratioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of 90% is almost unheard of in the annual of modern business and the only other classical example of this type of dominance is Microsoftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s control of the PC Windows operating platform which is undergoing severe legal challenges by the European Union in terms of opening its operating code. The preceding advantage means that unless a rival firm has the sheer financial resources, market name, and Internet platform to challenge eBay, the potential of another company attempting to compete is a near impossibility. This singular control is an influence in terms of global trade in that eBay virtually has the personal international trading platform for individuals to itself. Since the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s methodology is a facilitator whereby it supplies the means for seller and buyer to come together and estab lish their own terms this dominance does not represent a threat to the users of the service. In reality, eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s platform represents a positive for seller and buyer in that the transaction fee is the cost of doing business and is known before any activity takes place. In fact, eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operating matrix represents an almost pure model of free market economics in that seller and buyer seek to establish the price of an item based upon the laws of supply and demand. It is an example of the Ricardian Model (1817) in that it represents a U.S. firm concentrating on a field, software and Internet services, which the country is known to be dominant in. It also represents an almost pure example of what Adam Smith termed as things à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which have the greatest value in use, have frequently little of no value in exchange; and, on the contrary, those which have the greatest value in exchange, have little or no value in useà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Ricardo, 1817, P 9). The foregoing are key components in eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s success and the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s existence is a result of it meeting and fulfilling the needs of individuals to sell and buy products at a price that is deemed acceptable as well as available regardless of locale. The foregoing represents an application of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"gravity modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Anderson et al, 2003, Pp 170-192) as the site contains the highest concentration of sellers and buyers in online auctioning, and thus is a natural gathering place for these two forces to meet. Results In order to be successful in today global economy, a company must engage in as well as establish itself as an international operation to stave of competitors and fuel growth. Such requires positioning the company in such a manner that is can withstand the threats of rival firms and increase the barriers to entry (Porter, 1998, P 11-14). The theories of Ricardo (1817), Porter (1979) , Heckscher-Ohlin (Rivera-Batiz et al, 2004, Pp 13-19) and the gravity model (Anderson et al, 2003, Pp 170-192) are components that are present in eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s impact on global trade even though said actual impact in terms of net dollars is relatively small. EBay represents a classic example of the free trade theory whereby prices will seek their own level through the application of the laws of supply and demand and makes a strong case for unrestricted free trade which is an underlying premise of the borderless Internet. A key attribute of eBay is its language translation software which permits individuals from differing cultures to converse. It aids sellers and buyers to translate important phrases and terms free, and while it is not 100% accurate, it represents a service the company provides to bring individuals together in a manner that potentially might not and could not happen otherwise. The company is actively working on its own language conversion software in re cognition of the foregoing as announced by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Chief Executive Officer Meg Whitman in August 2000 (auctionbytes, 2003). The increased efforts on the part of eBay to establish levels of transparency in currency pricing conversion, language, customs information, shipping and payment methodology is making it easier on an ongoing basis for such international transactions to occur. EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operational mode represents a model of globalisation on a small economic scale. It utilizes advanced technology and an almost zero cost communications platform for users to meet and conduct business globally. The availability of the Internet on an international plane enables eBay to reach individuals eliminating border barriers and permits users to trade almost any item. When one considers that advancements in mobile technology will expand this potential to people whether they are at home or out of the house, the potential for further growth of eBayà ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s volume as well as international sales will increase. The potential for the application of individuals in developing countries to enter into the world stage and establish enterprises within their economies represents a new chapter in global economics that has yet to fully manifest, yet is an aspect that is definitively on the horizon. The implications are that eBay will in its small way help to contribute to increased prosperity through increased participation in global trade on the part of individuals everywhere. EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s listed site availability shows a skew to just 26 developed countries, even thought it is accessed from more that 150 nations throughout the world. The foregoing is a clear indication that the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reach exceeds its location parameters. As communication networks and new lower cost computers become increasingly available to lesser developed nations, the impact of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s influence on global trade will become more telling as it brings heretofore unavailable items to further reaches of the globe. The indicated revenues derived by eBay are basically insignificant in terms of the gross sales it generates. The gross revenues of $3,271,309,000 is minor compared to the estimated $20 billion in sales flow generated between sellers and buyers (U.S. Census Bureau 2003). eBays largest revenue site is eBay Motors which represents an estimated $5 billion in sales. The present utilization of the Internet still shows a decided skew toward developed countries which will shift in the future as new technologies bring the medium to individuals of lesser developed countries at an ever increasing rate. EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entrance into China is just such an example. With the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s population of over 1 billion individuals the current eBay subscriber base of 195 million looks small indeed. Just a 1% market penetration means the addition of 10 million people, or approxim ately 5% of eBays present subscriber base, thus, the future number potentials are staggering. When one considers that just a small percentage of Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 800 million have internet access, and the relative size of Africaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s population, the implications of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s future impact on global trade will represent figures that will in fact be forceful in comparison. Conclusions EBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dominant position as the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s number one online auction web site and its international expansion to 26 countries has thrust it onto the global stage as a developing force in international trade. The relative volumes recorded in terms of seller to buyer sales at an estimated $20billion is relatively small in global terms, however the foregoing does not represent the limits of future growth which look to be on the verge of an explosion. As pointed out in preceding segments, this platform warrants the examination of eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s impact on global trade which is for all intents and purposes just at its beginning in terms of influence, size and growth. Present day figures are posing interesting correlations with respect to tariff, custom and other variables that will need future resolution as the globe moves more in eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s direction owing to technology advancements. The effects of this online trading site with respect to international and economic models such as Heckscher-Ohlin Model, Factor-Price Equalization, the Ricardian Model and gravity model are basically at the beginning of their upward curve in terms of influence and effect. All of the foundational indications are there as eBay continues its expansion into China delves deeper into the population of India and Asia and starts gaining ground in Africa as well as South America. As ensuing growth continues, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s impact in terms of the indicated theories will increase as the subscriber populatio n swells. It is difficult to conceive that the company has managed to retain exclusivity over this huge field, yet in defiance of all reason, such is the case. From the numbers, eBay has the look and fell of a new Microsoft, and if this is the case, it is sure to face the regulatory scrutiny that Bill Gates is now experiencing as its impact grows. However, the nature of its premise does not have the same practices and thus slowing down this international giant looks to be a development that will bear watching as the company continues its growth. Exactly where this success story will wind up is an unknown, but based upon the numbers, it is a source of envy. Bibliography Anderson, James, van Wincoop, Eric (2003) Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle. Issue 93. American Economic Review auctionbytes (2003) eBayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Tower of Babel. 18, February 2003. https://www.auctionbytes.com/cab/abu/y203/m02/abu0089/s05 Baye, M., Morgan, J. (2001) Informati on gatekeepers on the Internet and the competitiveness of homogeneous markets. Issue 91 American Economic Review Baye, M., Morgan, J., Scholten, P (2004) Price dispersion in the small and the large: Evidence from an internet price comparison site. Issue 52. Journal of Industrial Economics BBC News (2004) International Sales Boost eBay. 21 July 2004. https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3915495.stm Bergstrand, Jeffrey. (1989) The Generalized Gravity Equation, Monopolistic Competition, and the Factor-Proportions Theory in International Trade. Issue 71. The Review of Economics and Statistics Chen, N (2004) The behaviour of relative prices in the European Union: A sector analysis. Vol. 48, Issue 6. European Economic Review CNET News (2005) eBay Bets big on Skype. 13 September 2005. https://news.com.com/eBay+bets+big+on+Skype/2009-1030_3-5860790.html Dixit, Avinash, Norman, Victor(1985). Theory of International Trade: A Dual, General Equilibrium Approach. Cambridge Univ ersity Press. ISBN: 0521299691 eBay.com. (2005) Annual Report. https://investor.ebay.com/annual.cfm eBay.com.(2006). eBay. https://www.ebay.com/ eBay.com (2006) Ramada Inn Motel Well Established Hotel. https://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItemItem=4446378486Category=15825 Engel, C, Rogers, J. (1999) Deviations from purchasing power parity: Causes and welfare costs. Issue 55. Journal of International Economics Evans, Mark (2005) Wow! 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I Read Is Hatchet Book Report - 1018 Words

Hatchet Book Report The book I read is Hatchet by Gary Paulsen. It is about a thirteen-year-old boy named Brian. This story takes place in the Canadian wilderness without a specified time. I think this book is both interesting and helpful because of its contents. To summarize the story, Brain was the sole passenger on the tiny Cessna 406 bush plane. He was flying from the U.S. to Canada to spend summer break with his father after his parents divorced. The pilot has a heart attack and the plane ends up crashing in a lake after Brain controlling it for a few hours. Brain survived. He is now alone in the wilderness. Al he has there are himself and a hatchet that his mom has given him. This book contains a few major characters and a few†¦show more content†¦He kept telling himself â€Å"There, keep it that way. Short thoughts.†(44) he did that in order to organize his thoughts and not freak out. I admire that part about him because there won’t be someone always there to help you. Sometimes you are the one who has to comfort yourself. Brain went through so much alone in the wilderness. He had faced wild animals such as a bear, a skunk, and foxes. He knew how to deal with them for the most part. When the foxes were near him, he knew to keep calm, not move, and wait until they leave. When the bear entered his home, he scared it with fire so it won’t come back. The skunk had attacked him without a warning but Brian knew how to deal with the aftermath. He ran to the lake, took off his clothes, and jumped in. If it wasn’t for this story, I wouldn’t have know how to act when there is a dangerous animal in me, how to build a home, or catch fish and food. His first attempt to get food was search for fruit. He walked around keeping the lake in his sight so he won t get lost. That was a smart move because I would have wandered around forgetting about the lake. He wanted to stay by the lake not only for the water but because when people come to rescue him, they will notice him by the water rather than between trees. Which, again, I would have never thought about. I also learned how to make fire, home, and catch fish thanks to him. When making a fire, he needed fuel, so he got bark. He also needed oxygen, so he wasShow MoreRelatedHelping a Student to Improve Grades and Test Scores1138 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction and Purpose The student I am working with for the reading case study is a sixth grade, Caucasian, female who is an average student in all classes but needs help with reading skills. In the lower grades her reading was average. Her past report card grades for reading was usually a high B. She has passed her reading EOG’s every year except for her fifth grade year. 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Monaghan and another man restrained him. â€Å"We had to wrestle with him and then handcuff him, for his and our protection,† Monaghan later told police. â€Å"I received a black eye.† One of the first firemenRead MoreTrial by Fire16445 Words   |  66 Pagesand tell me about the fire,† he said, adding, â€Å"I couldn’t get my babies out.† While he was talking, a fireman emerged from the house, cradling Amber. As she was given C.P.R., Willingham, who was twenty-three years old and powerfully built, ran to see her, then suddenly headed toward the babies’ room. Monaghan and another man restrained him. â€Å"We had to wrestle with him and then handcuff him, for his and our protection,† Monaghan later told police. â€Å"I received a black eye.† One of the first firemenRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesDowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical ReasoningRead MoreInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language14362 Words   |  58 PagesInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language CONTENT Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The Main Part †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Chapter I In Search of America †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.1. America: Its Image and Reality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.2. The Reasons of Immigration to the USA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. . The Importance of Religious Beliefs: â€Å"One Nation under God † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter II The Nation of Immigrants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.1. American beliefs and values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words   |  65 Pagesrequirement of M.A Degree in English Literature. ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost I am grateful to Almighty Allah, Who made it possible for me to work and accomplish this thesis. I am highly obliged to the Chairperson of English Department Madam Parveen for her special support. I would be unable to complete this thesis without supervision and guidance of my beloved teacher mam Samreen Humayun. And I am especially indebted to my mother Hub-e-Zehra and my sister Dr Syeda Samreen Asad, without

Armenian Language Free Essays

anNadine Abo Laban 900113591 Gap paper 2 (Armenian Language) Introduction The guest speaker who graced us with her presence was Alyssah Depoya, who is of Armenian origin. According to Alyssah, all pure Armenians last names end with â€Å"yan† which acts as an indicator of whether the person is of pure Armenian origin. Armenia is a mountainous country located in the South Caucasus region in Eurasia. We will write a custom essay sample on Armenian Language or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is bordered by Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Iran (â€Å"Armenia†, n. d). Armenian people have a very rich and dense culture. It is one of the world’s oldest civilizations. Armenia was also the very first country to embrace Christianity as its religion. The Armenian culture has been shaped and influenced by many other countries due to the several invasions that their people had to endure. It has been conquered by the Persians, Greeks, Mongols, Byzantines, Ottomans, Arabs, Romans and Russians. The most brutal invasion was when the Ottoman Turks took over Armenia, killing its people and leaving them to starve to death. During the Ottoman take over between 600,000 and 1. 5 million Armenians were killed, leaving this massacre to be the very first genocide of the 20th century. Moreover, Turkey denies such a massacre having occurred and claims till this present day that death casualties were a minimum. Armenia houses a population of 3,140,000 citizens. However the total Armenian population is 5,924,320. They are wide spread over Azerbaijan, Canada, Egypt, Cyprus, Estonia, Georgia, France, Greece, Bulgaria, Lebanon, Palestine, Russia, united states and Syria (Lewis, 2013). Facts about the language According to my research from the Ethonologue and Wikipedia, there are 5,924,320 speakers of Armenian all over the world. The language belongs to the Indo-European language family and has several dialects. Most linguists identify the language as a separate branch under the indo European family. You can also call the Armenian language by Armjanski Yazyk, Ena, Ermeni Dili, Ermenice, Somkhuri. Before the creation of an Armenian alphabet, the Armenians used Greek and Aramaic characters. In 405 AD, the 36 characters of the Armenian alphabet were introduced. However, during the middle ages two more characters were introduced to the already existing alphabet so they can spell out borrowed foreign words. There are two different dialects of the Armenian languages used till this day. There is the Eastern classical Armenian, and the western, which is more commonly spoken by the people. The western dialect is mainly used outside of the republic of Armenia, whereas eastern is used both inside and outside the country. Report on the speaker’s presentation Fortunately, everything Alyssah informed us about coincided with my research. She was very entertaining and did not miss a detail about what we needed to know. How to cite Armenian Language, Papers

Viability of Software Tools

Question: Discuss about the Viability of Software Tools. Answer: Introduction: In the area of the modern education system, alternative learning has become necessary, which can be obtained by the use of the innovative tools of the computer software in the schools for education purpose. In the field of education and learning, this product is utilized to help instructors to screen understudies' exercises. Learning with innovation has ended up fundamental in today's schools. Throughout the whole world, governments, other training institutes, scientists, schools, other educators and guardians are now considering technology as one of the important part of educating the students. Computers and digital boards are currently using in schools and this has changed the way of education. Portable devices such as computers, projectors and other electronic gadgets are using for learning purpose in the schools and the whole system is being more interesting day by day. Based on this scenario, the present research project will be regarding the viability of the software tools for supporting the students in the Saudi schools. This project will be conducted by the use of the secondary data. Mostly the research work will be the review of the available literature in the area of the selected research topic. This will be PhD project needed to be completed within the time period of three years. The main research question of the project is: what are the impacts of the software tools in education in the Saudi schools? In this context the sub questions of the research project are: What are the different types of software tools available for learning in the schools? What are the different types of software tools currently using in the Saudi schools for education? What are the potential challenges faced by the Saudi Schools for using the software tools? What are the benefits of using the software tools for education in the Saudi schools? Aims and objects of the project: The main aim of the research project is to find out the viability of the software tools for education in the Saudi schools. The objectives of the study are derived from the sub questions defined in the above section: To understand the different type of software tools available for the assisting the students in education To understand the different types of software tools that are currently using for assisting the students in the Saudi schools To understand the benefits of the software tools using in the Saudi schools for assisting the students To understand the potential challenges faced by the Saudi schools in the area of the usage of the software tools Significance of the project: At present, the usage of the software tools and internet technology has gained a high priority in the area of the education. Mixed learning techniques can advance the reconciliation of multi-modular, multi-channel and multi-source realizing which incorporates on the web and conventional taking in; this helps learners create and enhance their learning self-sufficiency and to self-figure out how to best suit their learning style, way of life and work style (Al?Qahtani Higgins 2013). In the recent few years, innovative use of the information technology in education has faced huge updates. These new updates have opened some new doors to the area of education in the schools. The software and hardware tools of the information technology are helping the students for learning new things in interesting way and they are able to find different types of alternative solutions for one topic. The web interfaces those gadgets and associates understudies to each other in the classroom, through the school and around the globe (Asiri et al. 2012). In a traditional education system, one teacher gives lessons to all the students. There may be problem with the delivery of the lessons as the way of communicating may not be suitable for all types of students. In this context, digital technology of the information technology is helping the students to have the lesions in audio visual format and they can also store the lessons. This is helping them to learn the lessons with more focus. Computers and digital boards are currently using in schools and this has changed the way of education. (Al-Khowaiter, Dwivedi Williams 2015). This section analyzes what educators may do to bolster understudy learning through applications and asset devices, paying little mind to the gadget. It concentrates on those instruments that are important and utilized as a part of the elementary school environment, with a specific accentuation on the Saudi Arabian setting (Almarabeh, Rajab Majdalawi 2016). Learning with innovation has ended up fundamental in today's schools. Throughout the whole world, governments, other training institutes, scientists, schools, other educators and guardians are now considering technology as one of the important part of educating the students.. In Saudi Arabia, it is recognized that advances in innovation have an impact in transit individuals make, share, utilize and create data in the public eye, and that youngsters should be exceptionally talented in their utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) (Yaghoobi Razmjoo 2016). Building up understudies' information and aptitudes identified with ICT in the school years gives an essential establishing to sometime down the road. It likewise gives value of chance, paying little respect to foundation. General social discourse and the well known press have a tendency to make speculations regarding youngsters, their entrance to and utilization of innovation (FernNdez-LPez et al. 2013). Late writing have tested these presumptions and recognize that, despite the fact that understudies today may have been naturally introduced to an innovatively rich world, they may not be energetic and skilful clients of innovation (Hasanain, Vallmuur Clark 2015). Promote, there is acknowledgment that only giving access to innovation is insufficient. Significant advancement of innovation based learning and aptitudes is critical for all understudies, with a specific end goal to maintain a strategic distance from a wonder known as the 'second-level computerized separate', whereby indi viduals have radically separated abilities, which thusly impact how individuals take an interest in the public eye. The need to keep pace with society and get ready understudies for their parts in the public eye are only two motivations to utilize innovation in training (Alghamdi Higgins 2015). Teachers and scientists indicate the capability of innovation to build inspiration and engagement of learners, provide food for various learning styles and enhance learning results. When we discuss innovation in educating and taking in, "incorporation" is frequently utilized. Integrating innovation into the educational programs happened through a worry that we may have been educating about and instructing how to utilize innovation yet not tending to how understudies can apply innovation related learning and abilities. To address this issue, there was a move to incorporate innovation into every key learning range (Alresheed, Leask Raiker 2015). In the field of education and learning, this product is utilized to help instructors to screen understudies' exercises. In particular terms, e-learning is construct not just with respect to appropriated learning, internet learning, virtual learning, electronic or organized adapting additionally on testing and assessing the best input, intercession and the connection of a few stages in e-learning situations between the teacher and learner (Hein et al. 2015). Enthusiasm for e-learning is on an upward pattern especially for those as of now in all day work and quick to proceed with their instruction as well as expert preparing. The rate of organizations wanting to give e-learning backing to their staff has ascended from 38.5% in 2007 to 51% in 2011. Whether the method of conveyance would be on the web or disconnected, synchronous or non concurrent through standalone or arranged PCs or other electronic gadgets, learning would be conveyed utilizing electronic gadgets. Instructor understudy connection with the assistance of electronic media and application apparatuses is named as the idea of e-learning (Robertson Al-Zahrani 2012). Most of the software applications for the learning purpose are developed on web 2.0 tools. The social media applications such as Twitter, Slide Share, Picasa, Media wiki are used for the education purpose also (Yaghoobi Razmjoo 2016). In the area of the modern education system, alternative learning has become necessary. In the context of the schools, the text books that are used are not sufficient to provide the required support to the students regarding the alternative learning style. The internet technology has brought a lot of advantages for getting extra study materials for learning a topic from different aspects. This increases the ability of critical thinking of the students (Hasanain, Vallmuur Clark 2015). Theoretical Framework and Methods: The method of the research study will be designed by following the realism research philosophy. The research approach of the project will be the deductive approach. Using the realism research philosophy, the insight meaning of the prewritten research papers and journals will be understood and then the present scenario of the Saudi schools regarding the software tools for supporting the students will be compared with the findings of the literature review. This will help to understand the ultimate viability of the software tools using for supporting the students in their education in the Saudi schools. The research work will be conducted through the collection and analysis of the secondary data available in the area of the use of the software tools for supporting the students in the Saudi schools. In order to collect the secondary data for the research study, the research papers of the previous researchers needed to be collected. The type of the research project will be the literature review regarding the use of the software tools in the area of the education in the Saudi schools. Most of the information will be available in the electronic format. In this context, the online library and other web resources will be helpful. The initial understanding of the research problem and scope will also be understood by the use of the secondary data sources. In order to conduct the research study, it is necessary to read the data sources carefully and understand the insight meanings of the statements given by the previous researchers. Research Plan and Timeline: The whole timeframe of three years will be subdivided into 9 quarters (3 in each year). The research project will be completed by following the timeline given below: Activities 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter 5th Quarter 6th Quarter 7th Quarter 8th Quarter 9th Quarter Topic Selection Draft Proposal Background Literature Final Proposal Methodology Selection Literature Review Secondary Data Collection Data Analysis Conclusion Final Submission References: Alghamdi, A. Higgins, S., 2015. Investigating how teachers in primary schools in Saudi Arabia were trained to use interactive whiteboards and what their training needs were.International Journal of Technical Research and Applications, Special Issue,30, pp.1-10. Al-Khowaiter, W.A., Dwivedi, Y.K. Williams, M.D., 2015. Examining the Role of Social Influence, Usefulness and Ease of Use for Determining the Mandatory Use of a Human Resource Information System in the Context of Saudi Ministries.International Journal of Electronic Government Research (IJEGR),11(3), pp.24-42. Almarabeh, T., Rajab, L. Majdalawi, Y.K., 2016. Awareness and Usage of Computer and Internet among Medical Faculties Students at the University of Jordan.Journal of Software Engineering and Applications,9(05), p.147. Al?Qahtani, A.A. Higgins, S.E., 2013. Effects of traditional, blended and e?learning on students' achievement in higher education.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,29(3), pp.220-234. Alresheed, S., Leask, M. Raiker, A., 2015. Integrating Computer-Assisted Language Learning in Saudi Schools: A Change Model.Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET,14(4), pp.69-77. Asiri, M.J.S., bt Mahmud, R., Bakar, K.A. bin Mohd Ayub, A.F., 2012. Factors influencing the use of learning management system in Saudi Arabian higher education: A theoretical framework.Higher Education Studies,2(2), p.125. FernNdez-LPez, ., RodrGuez-FRtiz, M.J., RodrGuez-Almendros, M.L. and MartNez-Segura, M.J., 2013. Mobile learning technology based on iOS devices to support students with special education needs.Computers Education,61, pp.77-90. Hasanain, R.A., Vallmuur, K. Clark, M., 2015. Electronic Medical Record Systems in Saudi Arabia: Knowledge and Preferences of Healthcare Professionals.Journal of Health Informatics in Developing Countries,9(1). Hein, S., Tan, M., Aljughaiman, A. Grigorenko, E.L., 2015. Gender differences and school influences with respect to three indicators of general intelligence: Evidence from Saudi Arabia.Journal of Educational Psychology,107(2), p.486. Robertson, M. Al-Zahrani, A., 2012. Self-efficacy and ICT integration into initial teacher education in Saudi Arabia: Matching policy with practice.Australasian Journal of Educational Technology,28(7), pp.1136-1151. Yaghoobi, M. Razmjoo, S.A., 2016. The potentiality of computer-assisted instruction towards ameliorating Iranian EFL learners' reading level.Computers in Human Behavior,59, pp.108-114.

The Ultimate Guide To Note-Taking - Infographic with Cornell Notebook

Contents Note-Taking Infographic Three Popular Note-taking Methods for College A Short Note-taking Guide Bonus: Cornell Notes template What is a Cornell note-taking method? How to use Cornell notes? How to Download and Assemble the Cornell Notes template? Effective note taking methods can **boost your grades**. You memorize the learning material better and retain it longer. Other benefits you can expect are: becoming an â€Å"active listener†; becoming an effective learner; getting a â€Å"storage† of information to use when preparing for an exam or writing an essay. Opt for making notes by hand rather than typing. It is better for long-term memory of ideas and conceptual information. Note-Taking Infographic Three Popular Note-taking Methods for College 1. Outline method helps to structure the material, placing general information at the left, and specific facts and clarifications at the right. It is usually useful except for science classes, where a lot of formulas, graphs, or structures must be drawn. 2. Cornell method helps to condense and organize notes without laborious rewriting, by dividing the paper into specific sections. 3. Mapping method helps to represent information graphically so that you can see how various ideas and facts relate to each other. Visual learners find it very helpful. See a detailed description of the methods in the infographic, try them out, and choose the note taking template that suits you. A Short Note-taking Guide: 1. Read the relevant textbook sections before class 2. During class, be sure to write down all the important points 3. Review your notes afterward. Good note taking skills will enable you to record the fastest lecturer. The next time you write assignments or prepare for exams, you have a great study tool to use. Bonus: Cornell Notes template Students who take effective notes get the most out of classes and lectures and clearly understand textbooks and assigned readings. There is a number of different ways to take notes, and everyone can use the method they feel most at ease with. For many learners, Cornell notes template is a favorite one. What is a Cornell note-taking method? It is a seven-step process that takes you through three main stages: 1. taking notes, 2. modifying the notes, 3. reviewing and studying from the notes. The goal of using this method is taking more accurate and detailed notes **without the need to rewrite vast amounts of material**. How to use Cornell notes? Measure about 2.5 inches from the page’s left side and draw a vertical line. This section will function as the cue column. 6.5 inch â€Å"main section† on the right is intended for making notes. Leave the 2-inch section on the bottom to summarize. Printable Cornell notes templates are also called the R7 (Record, Recall, Reduce, Recapitulate, Recite, Review and Reflect). Step 1: Record your notes in â€Å"main section† (during class) Write down important information. Do not copy the material word for word: abbreviate, use shorthand symbols, concise sentences. Make headings to separate major ideas and keep your notes organized. Skip some lines between the points. Step 2: Recall (after class) Read the notes and fill in the gaps. Step 3: Reduce (after class) Fill in your left-hand column with keywords, phrases and questions that work as cues. Step 4: Recapitulation (after class) Summarize the main ideas in the bottom section. This shows how well you understand the information. Step 5: Recite Cover the classroom notes, read aloud the questions and keywords in the cue section, and answer or define them using your own words. Pull the paper down to check your accuracy. Step 6: Review Read over the â€Å"main section†, cover them with the card and answer the questions or keywords from the cue column. You will improve memorizing if you do it in a written form. Take the card away and see if your answer is right. Use this process to prepare for the assignments and tests. Step 7: Reflect Think about how the material you learned fit in with your own ideas. To make things easier, you can take advantage of a printable DIY pdf version of Cornell notes (50 sheets). How to Download and Assemble the Cornell Notes template? Cornell notes template pdf (50 sheets) is provided to download by the link below. You can put the prints together in customizable multi-page notebooks for different subjects. Those who prefer typing on a laptop over handwritten notes can make use of Cornell notes pdf in their digital form. Download Cornell Notebook pdf There is no need to change the template before printing it out. You can just add the name of the subject. Cornell method can be used in any note-taking situation. It is a â€Å"do-it-right-at-once† system that has no disadvantages.

Oxford English Dictionary to go online only (probably) - Emphasis

Oxford English Dictionary to go online only (probably) Oxford English Dictionary to go online only (probably) The next edition of The Oxford English Dictionary probably wont appear in print, according to the Oxford University Press (OUP), the dictionarys owner. Instead, it is likely that the third edition will be accessible only electronically. OED3 wont be ready for at least another decade, and the decision is not yet final. But when asked if it would appear in print, OUP Chief Executive Nigel Portwood said, I dont think so [] The print dictionary market is just disappearing. No surprise that this is down to the increasingly ubiquitous presence of the internet and the latest alternative ways to read and access information. The second edition of the reference guide considered the worlds most definitive work on the language was published in 20 volumes in 1989. Its also been available online (by subscription) for over ten years, where it receives two million hits a month. It seems inevitable that new technology like the iPad will revolutionise our reading habits, but how happy are we all about it? Are those of us sentimental about the feel of paper between our fingers just holding on to a fast-receding past? Simon Winchester, author of The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary, has come reluctantly round to that way of thinking. Until six months ago I was clinging to the idea that printed books would likely last forever he said. Since the arrival of the iPad I am now wholly convinced otherwise. And even bibliophiles like him are naturally evolving past pages. I have two complete OEDs, but never consult them I use the online OED five or six times daily. So it looks like the end of the printed word could indeed be nigh. Is it time, then, for techno-sceptics to stop wringing their hands over the demise of books in order to embrace this paperless future?

Organization and religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization and religion - Essay Example ligion have been the result of an effective organization/or ineffective management.1 Naturally, one cannot blame organization and cohesion upon all the different branches of religion that exist; however, understanding the role that organization plays in defining and effectively constraining the responses and approaches of believers goes a very long way in helping the individual to understand the powerful and dynamic role that organization has within religion. A secondary way through which organization can be seen as having a powerful impact upon religion is with regards to doctrine. For instance, considering the case of Islam, core doctrines stipulate the attitudes and behavior that proper Muslims should exhibit to one another and to the outside world. In a matter speaking, the organizational constraints that are oftentimes adopted by religious organizations have to do with the risen or canonical laws that are the result of a particular holy book, relics, or prophecy. In such a way, these written approaches oftentimes are uniquely similar to the way in which a business entity operates under a set of guidelines and standard operating procedures. Without these procedures and guidelines, the business would not have a grounding or anchor with respect to the way in which to engage and understand the situations that present themselves within the day-to-day interactions that take place. Similarly, without a level of doctrine and written belief that creates a distinct aspects of cohesion within the believing communities, religious organizations would lack the same qualities that have been previously described with respect to the business world. From the information that is thus far been engaged, it is clear and apparent that organization plays a prominent and extraordinarily important role with respect to the way in which religious conviction and practice is carried out.2 Although this has only been analyzed with respect to the major world religions of Islam and

An Argument Supporting a Thesis on the Effective Use of English Essay

An Argument Supporting a Thesis on the Effective Use of English - Essay Example Additionally, whenever a person wishes to travel to a place in the globe, they have to communicate throughout their journey. For instance, if a person does not understand the language at a place in the globe, he or she would communicate their concerns to those inhabitants through talking English. If we could imagine of a person who does snot confer the English language travelling to a distant land whose language they may not understand, they would find it extremely intricate to express their sentiments. Thus, it is a benefit to learn and comprehend the English language. Communicating in English with a foreigner would be an easy thing to do, since numerous people have an understanding of English. This explicates on the reason behind why most media publications are expressed in the English language. These publications include newspapers, magazines and broadcasts. If one gets a magazine or newspaper and are interested in reading it, he or she would pick it and start reading. If they do not understand the English written in the initial sentences, they would stop reading the newspaper. Another advantaged person with prior knowledge of English would read it comfortably. Tan has communicates in different English languages, something that she notes peculiar (Tan). She asserts, â€Å"It has become our language of intimacy, a different sort of English that relates to family talk, the language I grew up with.† Thus, the truth that her environment implicated on her English quality proves that backgrounds immensely contribute to incompetence in talking in effective and perfect English. In the case of immigrants from a distant country seeking, employment or residence in a neighbouring country, prior knowledge of the English language would aid them in interacting with workmates or neighbours. Since English appears to be the most commonly used language for instruction and communication in workplaces, it is pertinent and an added advantage if the immigrant understood how to communicate effectively in the language. Knowledge of English as an instruction language would minimize erring and people would interact effectually with their counterparts. Ability to organize themselves coherently in communication of their sentiments to their counterparts or fellow people, immigrants can be at a merit. For instance, Rodriquez had an immense challenge in speaking English and was disadvantaged when communicating with other English speakers. He asserts that they had to bend lower to hear what he was saying properly (Rodriques 154). This shows how important English language is for immigrants, since Rodriquez must have communicated in English to express his sentiments. Additionally, those immigrants who are in the process of seeking employment in chief industries or companies would have an advantage if are conversant with English speaking. Conversely, their counterparts who have no experience in communicating in English fluently would have a hard time procuring emp loyment. This means that English speakers are at an elevated advantage than those who are not competent in the English language. Because effectual communication is a pertinent activity when operating in the workplace, people who can communicate effectively in English always have an added advantage than their counterparts. In the case of Malcolm X, he felt that he was having difficulties even in writing a simple letter to Muhammad (Malcolm X). He was overly frustrated and could not articulate himself properly and effectively. However, his prison

Police Brutality Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Police Brutality Law - Research Paper Example This essay will explicate police brutality in United States and delve into records of frequency, severity and ramification of police brutality exacted against civilians. Brutality Police brutality is one of those alarming human rights violations done by person of authorities against civilians who are possible suspects or those already serving their sentences as adjudged criminals. Roberts (2011) pointed that in youtube alone, an e-site containing video records, produced about 497,000 results when "police brutality" is subjected into the search engine. Roberts (2011) described that these videos either depict beaten women, kids and the aged or violent and bloody exaction of testimonies from unwilling suspects. Some testimonies of victims who were able to undergo sad ordeal revealed electrocution; suffocation, psychological torment or threat; emotional shocks; direct physical assault, and the like done by police with psychopatic and sociopath tendencies. Skolnick and Fyfe (1993) explica ted that police brutality brought along with it such dehumanizing intent by treating the target with such concealed venality and such degrading impact of violent torture. Roberts (2011) attributed this inhuman way of managing suspects, civilians and victims to militarist treatment as abuse of power. Those who are involved in police brutality tactics are characterized with such nastiness as they were trained to view the public, the people whom they ought to secure, as their enemy. To some extent, some police officers have made policing activity leveled beyond preservation of order into cyclical patterns of injustice as commission of human rights. Often logged without witnesses to corroborate the conduct of brutalities, Bandes (1999) noted that authorities would just label this as an incident which is either isolated, systemic, or part of a larger pattern to suppress a movement. Bandes (1999) explicated that police brutality are often portrayed by court as something anecdotal, fragmen ted and isolated from institutional pattern (p. 1275) reinforced by causes that could be political, social, psychological and cultural (Bandes, 1999, p. 2). Experts opined that victims of police brutality would have difficulty expressing such unfair victimization because complaints about it are discouraged due to dearth of evidences, lack of corroborative testimonies, records are expunged, and police records are purposively made inaccessible. Victims are also doubly confronted with difficulty in baring experiences out of restrictive evidentiary rulings, of judicial insensitivity to police perjury, of the law of omerta or total silence, of assailant’s immunity from punitive actions (Bandes, 1999, p. 7). Thus, there is perceived failure to correct endemic system of police lawlessness and adherence to violence, often directed to powerless and marginalized members of specific communities. Police brutality is not simply a violent act. More often, these are kinds of security manage rs who are in collaboration with groups and decision-makers who lacked respect to procedures that are legally provided. The prevalence of these cases on police brutality simply depict the need to address the problem not only at the institutional level but must be comprehensively rectified by in-depth investigation; of brutality cases demystification, and strict enforcement of the administrative laws to hasten the professionalization of police forces. Empirical studies based on